GitHub Flavored Markdown

4.1 Thematic breaks

A line consisting of 0-3 spaces of indentation, followed by a sequence of three or more matching -, _, or * characters, each followed optionally by any number of spaces or tabs, forms a thematic break.

We can create thematic breaks with the md_rule() function, which allows users to define the type and number of valid characters to use. All these options create the same <hr> HTML tag, but look different in the underlying .md document.

md_rule()
#> ***

md_rule(char = "-", n = 10, space = TRUE)
#> - - - - - - - - - -

4.2 ATX Headings

An ATX heading consists of a string of characters, parsed as inline content, between an opening sequence of 1–6 unescaped # characters and an optional closing sequence of any number of unescaped # characters… The raw contents of the heading are stripped of leading and trailing spaces before being parsed as inline content. The heading level is equal to the number of # characters in the opening sequence.

The heading for this section was created with md_heading().

md_heading("4.2 ATX Headings", level = 3)
#> ### 4.2 ATX Headings

4.3 Setext headings

A setext heading consists of one or more lines of text, each containing at least one non-whitespace character, with no more than 3 spaces indentation, followed by a setext heading underline… A setext heading underline is a sequence of = characters or a sequence of - characters, with no more than 3 spaces indentation and any number of trailing spaces… The heading is a level 1 heading if = characters are used in the setext heading underline, and a level 2 heading if - characters are used.

I’m going to forgo printing these headings, just to preserve the structure of this document. The md_setext() function can only be used to create level 1 (<h1>) and level 2 (<h2>) headings. A level 1 Setext heading is sometimes used as the very first, initial title heading.

md_setext("Headings", level = 1)
#> Headings
#> ========

md_setext("4.3 Setext headings", level = 2)
#> 4.3 Setext headings
#> -------------------

md_setext("4.3 Setext headings", width = 50)
#> 4.3 Setext headings
#> ==================================================

4.4 Indented code blocks

An indented code block is composed of one or more indented chunks separated by blank lines. An indented chunk is a sequence of non-blank lines, each indented four or more spaces. The contents of the code block are the literal contents of the lines, including trailing line endings, minus four spaces of indentation…

This function, along with the fenced code block alternative, are useful for creating displayed code blocks (as opposed to executed chunks) containing R source code, command line content, or any other pre-formatted fixed-width content.

rescale01 <- function(x) {
  rng <- range(x, na.rm = TRUE)
  (x - rng[1]) / (rng[2] - rng[1])
}

# use deparse() to turn unevaluated expressions into character strings.
source <- deparse(rescale01)
# this new object is a regular character vector
print(source)
#> [1] "function (x) "                      "{"                                 
#> [3] "    rng <- range(x, na.rm = TRUE)"  "    (x - rng[1])/(rng[2] - rng[1])"
#> [5] "}"

md_indent(source)
#>     function (x) 
#>     {
#>         rng <- range(x, na.rm = TRUE)
#>         (x - rng[1])/(rng[2] - rng[1])
#>     }

function (x) 
{
    rng <- range(x, na.rm = TRUE)
    (x - rng[1])/(rng[2] - rng[1])
}

4.5 Fenced code blocks

A code fence is a sequence of at least three consecutive backtick characters … or tildes (~). (Tildes and backticks cannot be mixed.) A fenced code block begins with a code fence, indented no more than three spaces…

The line with the opening code fence may optionally contain some text following the code fence; this is trimmed of leading and trailing whitespace and called the info string…

The content of the code block consists of all subsequent lines, until a closing code fence of the same type as the code block began with (backticks or tildes), and with at least as many backticks or tildes as the opening code fence….

The content of a code fence is treated as literal text, not parsed as inlines. The first word of the info string is typically used to specify the language of the code sample, and rendered in the class attribute of the code tag. However, this spec does not mandate any particular treatment of the info string.

The man feature of md_fence() is the ability to specify the info string which defines the code language used to highlight syntax. Compare the following output to the one produced by md_indent().

md_fence(source)
#> ```r
#> function (x) 
#> {
#>     rng <- range(x, na.rm = TRUE)
#>     (x - rng[1])/(rng[2] - rng[1])
#> }
#> ```

function (x) 
{
    rng <- range(x, na.rm = TRUE)
    (x - rng[1])/(rng[2] - rng[1])
}

md_fence(source, char = "~")
#> ~~~r
#> function (x) 
#> {
#>     rng <- range(x, na.rm = TRUE)
#>     (x - rng[1])/(rng[2] - rng[1])
#> }
#> ~~~

function (x) 
{
    rng <- range(x, na.rm = TRUE)
    (x - rng[1])/(rng[2] - rng[1])
}

md_fence("$ sudo apt install r-base-dev", info = "bash")
#> ```bash
#> $ sudo apt install r-base-dev
#> ```

$ sudo apt install r-base-dev

4.6 HTML blocks

An HTML block is a group of lines that is treated as raw HTML (and will not be escaped in HTML output).

Markdown rendering engines (like the one used to convert this .Rmd document to .md and then to .html) allow users to write valid HTML code alongside regular markdown text.

lines <- c(
  "<table><tr><td>",
  "<pre>",
  "**Hello**,",
  "_world_.",
  "</pre>",
  " </td></tr></table>"
)
md_text(lines)
#> <table><tr><td>
#> <pre>
#> **Hello**,
#> _world_.
#> </pre>
#>  </td></tr></table>

**Hello**,
_world_.

4.7 Link reference definitions

A link reference definition consists of a link label, indented up to three spaces, followed by a colon (:), optional whitespace (including up to one line ending), a link destination, optional whitespace (including up to one line ending), and an optional link title, which if it is present must be separated from the link destination by whitespace. No further non-whitespace characters may occur on the line.

A link reference definition does not correspond to a structural element of a document. Instead, it defines a label which can be used in reference links and reference-style images elsewhere in the document. Link reference definitions can come either before or after the links that use them.

The md_reference() function is used to create the link reference definition only, which must then be paired with the same label elsewhere in the document. We can put the definitions anywhere in the document, so when I type [CRAN] here in this paragraph (like CRAN), that text looks for the label created below to create a hyperlink. The reference definition printed to the document actually doesn’t show up anywhere in the rendered .html file.

a <- c("cran", "tidy")
b <- c("https://cran.r-project.org/", "https://www.tidyverse.org/")
c <- c("CRAN Home", "Tidyverse Home")

md_reference(label = a, url = b, title = c)
#> [cran]: https://cran.r-project.org/ "CRAN Home"
#> [tidy]: https://www.tidyverse.org/ "Tidyverse Home"

4.8 Paragraphs

A sequence of non-blank lines that cannot be interpreted as other kinds of blocks forms a paragraph. The contents of the paragraph are the result of parsing the paragraph’s raw content as inlines. The paragraph’s raw content is formed by concatenating the lines and removing initial and final whitespace.

Paragraphs are one instance are where it’s easy for markdown newcomers can have difficulty writing the plain text in the proper format to produce their desired outcome. Words separated by a single newline are rendered as a single paragraph <p> tag. Using md_paragraph(), we can take a vector of character text and output distinct paragraphs.

In section 6.12 and 6.13 you can compare the output of md_paragraph() with the other line break functions.

sentences <- sample(stringr::sentences, size = 5)

md_paragraph(sentences)
#> The wide road shimmered in the hot sun.
#> 
#> A force equal to that would move the earth.
#> 
#> Breathe deep and smell the piny air.
#> 
#> These coins will be needed to pay his debt.
#> 
#> Rake the rubbish up and then burn it.

The wide road shimmered in the hot sun.

A force equal to that would move the earth.

Breathe deep and smell the piny air.

These coins will be needed to pay his debt.

Rake the rubbish up and then burn it.

4.9 Blank lines

Blank lines between block-level elements are ignored, except for the role they play in determining whether a list is tight or loose.

Blank lines at the beginning and end of the document are also ignored.

Blank lines are, well, not super useful… but you can create them with md_blank()!

md_blank()

4.10 Tables (extension)

GFM enables the table extension, where an additional leaf block type is available.

A table is an arrangement of data with rows and columns, consisting of a single header row, a delimiter row separating the header from the data, and zero or more data rows.

Each row consists of cells containing arbitrary text, in which inlines are parsed, separated by pipes (|). A leading and trailing pipe is also recommended for clarity of reading, and if there’s otherwise parsing ambiguity. Spaces between pipes and cell content are trimmed. Block-level elements cannot be inserted in a table.

The delimiter row consists of cells whose only content are hyphens (-), and optionally, a leading or trailing colon (:), or both, to indicate left, right, or center alignment respectively.

The md_table() function wraps around knitr::kable() to return R objects (Typically data frames or matrices) as markdown tables. This is useful for presenting data created using R in a format that’s more readable than a plain-text data frame (or tibble) printout.

states <- head(state.x77)
print(states)
#>            Population Income Illiteracy Life Exp Murder HS Grad Frost   Area
#> Alabama          3615   3624        2.1    69.05   15.1    41.3    20  50708
#> Alaska            365   6315        1.5    69.31   11.3    66.7   152 566432
#> Arizona          2212   4530        1.8    70.55    7.8    58.1    15 113417
#> Arkansas         2110   3378        1.9    70.66   10.1    39.9    65  51945
#> California      21198   5114        1.1    71.71   10.3    62.6    20 156361
#> Colorado         2541   4884        0.7    72.06    6.8    63.9   166 103766

options(knitr.kable.NA = "")
md_table(states, align = "c")
#> |           | Population | Income | Illiteracy | Life Exp | Murder | HS Grad | Frost |  Area  |
#> |:----------|:----------:|:------:|:----------:|:--------:|:------:|:-------:|:-----:|:------:|
#> |Alabama    |    3615    |  3624  |    2.1     |  69.05   |  15.1  |  41.3   |  20   | 50708  |
#> |Alaska     |    365     |  6315  |    1.5     |  69.31   |  11.3  |  66.7   |  152  | 566432 |
#> |Arizona    |    2212    |  4530  |    1.8     |  70.55   |  7.8   |  58.1   |  15   | 113417 |
#> |Arkansas   |    2110    |  3378  |    1.9     |  70.66   |  10.1  |  39.9   |  65   | 51945  |
#> |California |   21198    |  5114  |    1.1     |  71.71   |  10.3  |  62.6   |  20   | 156361 |
#> |Colorado   |    2541    |  4884  |    0.7     |  72.06   |  6.8   |  63.9   |  166  | 103766 |

5.1 Block quotes

A block quote marker consists of 0-3 spaces of initial indent, plus (a) the character > together with a following space, or (b) a single character > not followed by a space.

I’ve been copy-pasting block quotes from the GFM spec in this vignette, but we can also use md_quote() to grammatically create or manipulate strings and print them as block quotes.

read_html("https://w.wiki/A58") %>% 
  html_element("blockquote") %>% 
  html_text(trim = TRUE) %>% 
  str_remove("\\[(.*)\\]") %>% 
  md_quote()

We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

md_quote(sentences)
#> > The wide road shimmered in the hot sun.
#> > A force equal to that would move the earth.
#> > Breathe deep and smell the piny air.
#> > These coins will be needed to pay his debt.
#> > Rake the rubbish up and then burn it.

The wide road shimmered in the hot sun.

A force equal to that would move the earth.

Breathe deep and smell the piny air.

These coins will be needed to pay his debt.

Rake the rubbish up and then burn it.

5.2 List items

A list marker is a bullet list marker or an ordered list marker.

A bullet list marker is a -, +, or * character.

An ordered list marker is a sequence of 1–9 arabic digits (0-9), followed by either a . character or a ) character. (The reason for the length limit is that with 10 digits we start seeing integer overflows in some browsers.)

List items are automatically created in list blocks (section 5.4) via md_order() and md_bullet().

5.3 Task list items (extension)

GFM enables the tasklist extension, where an additional processing step is performed on list items.

A task list item is a list item where the first block in it is a paragraph which begins with a task list item marker and at least one whitespace character before any other content.

A task list item marker consists of an optional number of spaces, a left bracket ([), either a whitespace character or the letter x in either lowercase or uppercase, and then a right bracket (]).

When rendered, the task list item marker is replaced with a semantic checkbox element; in an HTML output, this would be an <input type="checkbox"> element.

If the character between the brackets is a whitespace character, the checkbox is unchecked. Otherwise, the checkbox is checked.

Markdown extensions like this one are optionally supported on different venues. On GitHub (in README.md files, issues, or comments, etc.) these tasks list are rendered as check boxes, sometimes even interactable. On other venues, like this very HTML vignette, these check boxes just render are bullet lists with weird bracket boxes on each line.

md_task(sentences, check = 3:4)
#> * [ ] The wide road shimmered in the hot sun.
#> * [ ] A force equal to that would move the earth.
#> * [x] Breathe deep and smell the piny air.
#> * [x] These coins will be needed to pay his debt.
#> * [ ] Rake the rubbish up and then burn it.

• The wide road shimmered in the hot sun.
• A force equal to that would move the earth.
• Breathe deep and smell the piny air.
• These coins will be needed to pay his debt.
• Rake the rubbish up and then burn it.

5.4 Lists

A list is a sequence of one or more list items of the same type. The list items may be separated by any number of blank lines.

Two list items are of the same type if they begin with a list marker of the same type. Two list > markers are of the same type if (a) they are bullet list markers using the same character (-, +, or *) or (b) they are ordered list numbers with the same delimiter (either . or )).

A list is an ordered list if its constituent list items begin with ordered list markers, and a > bullet list if its constituent list items begin with bullet list markers.

The start number of an ordered list is determined by the list number of its initial list item. The numbers of subsequent list items are disregarded.

The md_order() and md_bullet() functions let users display character vectors as list blocks. The functions let users adjust the which list item markets are used, but all the options are rendered as the same <ul> or <ol> tags in the rendered .html file.

states <- sample(state.name, size = 3)

md_bullet(states)
#> * Idaho
#> * Colorado
#> * Tennessee

• Idaho
• Colorado
• Tennessee

md_bullet(states, marker = "+")
#> + Idaho
#> + Colorado
#> + Tennessee

• Idaho
• Colorado
• Tennessee

md_order(states)
#> 1. Idaho
#> 2. Colorado
#> 3. Tennessee

1. Idaho
2. Colorado
3. Tennessee

md_order(states, seq = FALSE, marker = ")")
#> 1) Idaho
#> 1) Colorado
#> 1) Tennessee

1. Idaho
2. Colorado
3. Tennessee

6.1 Backslash escapes

Any ASCII punctuation character may be backslash-escaped… Escaped characters are treated as regular characters and do not have their usual Markdown meanings:

If you want to display markdown syntax without rendering as the corresponding HTML tags, md_escape() can prepend a backslash (actually, two) before every ASCII punctuation character.

inline <- md_bold("example")
md_escape(inline)
#> \*\*example\*\*

**example**

6.3 - 6.8 Simple inlines

Here we are going to demonstrate how various simple inline block functions are used to create text within a container block.

inlines <- c(
  md_code("6.3 Code spans"),
  md_italic("6.4 Emphasis"),
  md_bold("6.4 Strong emphasis"),
  md_strike("6.5 Strikethrough (extension)"),
  md_link("6.6 Links", "https://example.com/"),
  md_autolink("https://example.com/")
)

md_bullet(inlines, marker = "-")
#> - `6.3 Code spans`
#> - _6.4 Emphasis_
#> - **6.4 Strong emphasis**
#> - ~~6.5 Strikethrough (extension)~~
#> - [6.6 Links](https://example.com/)
#> - <https://example.com/>

• 6.3 Code spans
• 6.4 Emphasis
• 6.4 Strong emphasis
• 6.5 Strikethrough (extension)
• 6.6 Links
• https://example.com/

6.7 Images

Syntax for images is like the syntax for links, with one difference. Instead of link text, we have an image description. The rules for this are the same as for link text, except that (a) an image description starts with ![ rather than [, and (b) an image description may contain links. An image description has inline elements as its contents. When an image is rendered to HTML, this is standardly used as the image’s alt attribute.

md_image("https://www.r-project.org/Rlogo.png", alt = "R logo")
#> ![R logo](https://www.r-project.org/Rlogo.png)

R logo

6.11 Disallowed Raw HTML (extension)

GFM enables the tagfilter extension, where the following HTML tags will be filtered when rendering HTML output:

• <title>
• <textarea>
• <style>
• <xmp>
• <iframe>
• <noembed>
• <noframes>
• <script>
• <plaintext>

Filtering is done by replacing the leading < with the entity <. These tags are chosen in particular as they change how HTML is interpreted in a way unique to them (i.e. nested HTML is interpreted differently), and this is usually undesireable in the context of other rendered Markdown content.

lines <- c(
  "<blockquote>",
  "  <xmp> is disallowed.  <XMP> is also disallowed.",
  "</blockquote>"
)
md_disallow(lines)
#> <blockquote>
#>   &lt;xmp> is disallowed.  &lt;XMP> is also disallowed.
#> </blockquote>

<xmp> is disallowed. <XMP> is also disallowed.

All other HTML tags are left untouched.

6.12 - 6.13 Line breaks

The difference between hard line breaks, soft line breaks, paragraphs, and regular text can be confusing. New markdown users often struggle with knowing exactly how many invisible newlines or spaces are needed to present each line in the way they want. The line break functions below make it easier.

A line break (not in a code span or HTML tag) that is preceded by two or more spaces and does not occur at the end of a block is parsed as a hard line break (rendered in HTML as a <br /> tag):

# 6.12 Hard line breaks
md_hardline(sentences)
#> The wide road shimmered in the hot sun.  
#> A force equal to that would move the earth.  
#> Breathe deep and smell the piny air.  
#> These coins will be needed to pay his debt.  
#> Rake the rubbish up and then burn it.

The wide road shimmered in the hot sun.
A force equal to that would move the earth.
Breathe deep and smell the piny air.
These coins will be needed to pay his debt.
Rake the rubbish up and then burn it.

A regular line break (not in a code span or HTML tag) that is not preceded by two or more spaces or a backslash is parsed as a softbreak. (A softbreak may be rendered in HTML either as a line ending or as a space. The result will be the same in browsers. In the examples here, a line ending will be used.)

# 6.13 Soft line breaks
md_softline(sentences)
#> The wide road shimmered in the hot sun.
#> A force equal to that would move the earth.
#> Breathe deep and smell the piny air.
#> These coins will be needed to pay his debt.
#> Rake the rubbish up and then burn it.

The wide road shimmered in the hot sun. A force equal to that would move the earth. Breathe deep and smell the piny air. These coins will be needed to pay his debt. Rake the rubbish up and then burn it.

You can see how both hard line and soft line breaks are different from the paragraphs as created using md_paragraph()

md_paragraph(sentences)
#> The wide road shimmered in the hot sun.
#> 
#> A force equal to that would move the earth.
#> 
#> Breathe deep and smell the piny air.
#> 
#> These coins will be needed to pay his debt.
#> 
#> Rake the rubbish up and then burn it.

The wide road shimmered in the hot sun.

A force equal to that would move the earth.

Breathe deep and smell the piny air.

These coins will be needed to pay his debt.

Rake the rubbish up and then burn it.

6.14 Textual content

Any characters not given an interpretation by the above rules will be parsed as plain textual content.

The md_text() function is a catch-all wrapper around glue::as_glue() with simply converts any character string into a glue object, which when used in an .Rmd. document alongside the results='asis' allows users to simply print text to the body of the document.

# 6.14 Textual content
md_text(sentences)
#> The wide road shimmered in the hot sun.
#> A force equal to that would move the earth.
#> Breathe deep and smell the piny air.
#> These coins will be needed to pay his debt.
#> Rake the rubbish up and then burn it.

The wide road shimmered in the hot sun. A force equal to that would move the earth. Breathe deep and smell the piny air. These coins will be needed to pay his debt. Rake the rubbish up and then burn it.

Compare this to the regular handling of character strings.

print(sentences)
#> [1] "The wide road shimmered in the hot sun."    
#> [2] "A force equal to that would move the earth."
#> [3] "Breathe deep and smell the piny air."       
#> [4] "These coins will be needed to pay his debt."
#> [5] "Rake the rubbish up and then burn it."

[1] “The wide road shimmered in the hot sun.”
[2] “A force equal to that would move the earth.” [3] “Breathe deep and smell the piny air.”
[4] “These coins will be needed to pay his debt.” [5] “Rake the rubbish up and then burn it.”

The md_text() function creates strings with the glue S3 class. This class works in the same way as the cat() functions.

cat(sentences)
#> The wide road shimmered in the hot sun. A force equal to that would move the earth. Breathe deep and smell the piny air. These coins will be needed to pay his debt. Rake the rubbish up and then burn it.

The wide road shimmered in the hot sun. A force equal to that would move the earth. Breathe deep and smell the piny air. These coins will be needed to pay his debt. Rake the rubbish up and then burn it.