The tfestimators framework makes it easy to construct and build machine learning models via its high-level Estimator API. Estimator offers classes you can instantiate to quickly configure common model types such as regressors and classifiers.
But what if none of the predefined model types meets your needs? Perhaps you need more granular control over model configuration, such as the ability to customize the loss function used for optimization, or specify different activation functions for each neural network layer. Or maybe you’re implementing a ranking or recommendation system, and neither a classifier nor a regressor is appropriate for generating predictions. The figure on the right illustrates the basic components of an estimator. Users can implement custom behaviors and or architecture inside the model_fn of the estimator.
This tutorial covers how to create your own Estimator using the building blocks provided in tfestimators package, which will predict the ages of abalones based on their physical measurements. You’ll learn how to do the following:
Estimatortf$feature_column and tf$layerstf$lossesThe complete code for this tutorial can be found here.
It’s possible to estimate the age of an abalone (sea snail) by the number of rings on its shell. However, because this task requires cutting, staining, and viewing the shell under a microscope, it’s desirable to find other measurements that can predict age.
The Abalone Data Set contains the following feature data for abalone:
| Feature | Description |
|---|---|
| Length | Length of abalone (in longest direction; in mm) |
| Diameter | Diameter of abalone (measurement perpendicular to length; in mm) |
| Height | Height of abalone (with its meat inside shell; in mm) |
| Whole Weight | Weight of entire abalone (in grams) |
| Shucked Weight | Weight of abalone meat only (in grams) |
| Viscera Weight | Gut weight of abalone (in grams), after bleeding |
| Shell Weight | Weight of dried abalone shell (in grams) |
This tutorial uses three data sets. abalone_train.csv contains labeled training data comprising 3,320 examples. abalone_test.csv contains labeled test data for 850 examples. abalone_predict contains 7 examples on which to make predictions.
The following sections walk through writing the Estimator code step by step; the full, final code is available here.
We first write a function that downloads the training, testing, and evaluation data from TensorFlow website if we haven’t downloaded them before.
library(tfestimators)
maybe_download_abalone <- function(train_data_path, test_data_path, predict_data_path, column_names_to_assign) {
if (!file.exists(train_data_path) || !file.exists(test_data_path) || !file.exists(predict_data_path)) {
cat("Downloading abalone data ...")
train_data <- read.csv("http://download.tensorflow.org/data/abalone_train.csv", header = FALSE)
test_data <- read.csv("http://download.tensorflow.org/data/abalone_test.csv", header = FALSE)
predict_data <- read.csv("http://download.tensorflow.org/data/abalone_predict.csv", header = FALSE)
colnames(train_data) <- column_names_to_assign
colnames(test_data) <- column_names_to_assign
colnames(predict_data) <- column_names_to_assign
write.csv(train_data, train_data_path, row.names = FALSE)
write.csv(test_data, test_data_path, row.names = FALSE)
write.csv(predict_data, predict_data_path, row.names = FALSE)
} else {
train_data <- read.csv(train_data_path, header = TRUE)
test_data <- read.csv(test_data_path, header = TRUE)
predict_data <- read.csv(predict_data_path, header = TRUE)
}
return(list(train_data = train_data, test_data = test_data, predict_data = predict_data))
}
COLNAMES <- c("length", "diameter", "height", "whole_weight", "shucked_weight", "viscera_weight", "shell_weight", "num_rings")
downloaded_data <- maybe_download_abalone(
file.path(getwd(), "train_abalone.csv"),
file.path(getwd(), "test_abalone.csv"),
file.path(getwd(), "predict_abalone.csv"),
COLNAMES
)
train_data <- downloaded_data$train_data
test_data <- downloaded_data$test_data
predict_data <- downloaded_data$predict_dataNext, we construct the input function as follows:
constructed_input_fn <- function(dataset) {
input_fn(dataset, features = -num_rings, response = num_rings, num_epochs = NULL)
}
train_input_fn <- constructed_input_fn(train_data)
test_input_fn <- constructed_input_fn(test_data)
predict_input_fn <- constructed_input_fn(predict_data)When defining a model using one of tf.estimator’s provided classes, such as linear_dnn_combined_classifier, you supply all the configuration parameters right in the constructor, e.g.:
diameter <- column_numeric("diameter")
height <- column_numeric("height")
model <- dnn_linear_combined_classifier(
linear_feature_columns = feature_columns(diameter),
dnn_feature_columns = feature_columns(height),
dnn_hidden_units = c(100L, 50L)
)You don’t need to write any further code to instruct TensorFlow how to train the model, calculate loss, or return predictions; that logic is already baked into the linear_dnn_combined_classifier.
By contrast, when you’re creating your own estimator from scratch, the constructor accepts just two high-level parameters for model configuration, model_fn and params:
model <- estimator(model_fn, params = model_params)model_fn: A function object that contains all the aforementioned logic to support training, evaluation, and prediction. You are responsible for implementing that functionality. The next section, Constructing the model_fn covers creating a model function in detail.
params: An optional dict of hyperparameters (e.g., learning rate, dropout) that will be passed into the model_fn.
Note: Just like tfestimators’ predefined regressors and classifiers, the estimator initializer also accepts the general configuration arguments model_dir and config.
For the abalone age predictor, the model will accept one hyperparameter: learning rate. Here, learning_rate is set to 0.001, but you can tune this value as needed to achieve the best results during model training.
The following code creates the list model_params containing the learning rate and instantiates the Estimator:
# Set model params
model_params <- list(learning_rate = 0.001)
# Instantiate Estimator
model <- estimator(model_fn, params = model_params)The basic skeleton for an Estimator API model function looks like this:
model_fn <- function(features, labels, mode, params, config) {
# Logic to do the following:
# 1. Configure the model via TensorFlow operations
# 2. Define the loss function for training/evaluation
# 3. Define the training operation/optimizer
# 4. Generate predictions
# 5. Return predictions/loss/train_op/eval_metric_ops in estimator_spec object
}The model_fn must accept three arguments:
features: A dict containing the features passed to the model via input_fn.labels: A Tensor containing the labels passed to the model via input_fn. Will be empty for predict() calls, as these are the values the model will infer.mode: One of the following mode_keys() string values indicating the context in which the model_fn was invoked:
"train" The model_fn was invoked in training mode, namely via a train() call."eval". The model_fn was invoked in evaluation mode, namely via an evaluate() call."infer". The model_fn was invoked in predict mode, namely via a predict() call.model_fn may also accept a params argument containing a dict of hyperparameters used for training (as shown in the skeleton above) and a config that represents the configurations used in a model, including GPU percentage, cluster information, etc.
The body of the function performs the following tasks (described in detail in the sections that follow):
optimizer algorithm to minimize the loss values calculated by the loss function.The model_fn must return an estimator_spec object, which contains the following values:
mode (required). The mode in which the model was run. Typically, you will return the mode argument of the model_fn here.
predictions (required in infer mode). A dict that maps key names of your choice to Tensors containing the predictions from the model, e.g.:
predictions <- list(results = tensor_of_predictions)In infer mode, the dict that you return in estimator_spec will then be returned by predict(), so you can construct it in the format in which you’d like to consume it.
loss (required in eval and train modes). A Tensor containing a scalar loss value: the output of the model’s loss function (discussed in more depth later in Defining loss for the model) calculated over all the input examples. This is used in train mode for error handling and logging, and is automatically included as a metric in eval mode.
train_op (required only in train mode). An Op that runs one step of training.
eval_metric_ops (optional). A dict of name/value pairs specifying the metrics that will be calculated when the model runs in eval mode. The name is a label of your choice for the metric, and the value is the result of your metric calculation. The tf$metrics module provides predefined functions for a variety of common metrics. The following eval_metric_ops contains an "accuracy" metric calculated using tf$metrics$accuracy:
eval_metric_ops <- list(accuracy = tf$metrics$accuracy(labels, predictions))If you do not specify eval_metric_ops, only loss will be calculated during evaluation.
Constructing a neural network entails creating and connecting the input layer, the hidden layers, and the output layer.
The input layer is a series of nodes (one for each feature in the model) that will accept the feature data that is passed to the model_fn in the features argument. If features contains an n-dimensional Tensor with all your feature data, then it can serve as the input layer. If features contains a dict of feature columns passed to the model via an input function, you can convert it to an input-layer Tensor with the input_layer function:
input_layer <- input_layer(
features = features, feature_columns = c(age, height, weight))As shown above, input_layer() takes two required arguments:
features. A mapping from string keys to the Tensors containing the corresponding feature data. This is exactly what is passed to the model_fn in the features argument.feature_columns. A list of all the FeatureColumns in the model — age, height, and weight in the above example.The input layer of the neural network then must be connected to one or more hidden layers via an activation function that performs a nonlinear transformation on the data from the previous layer. The last hidden layer is then connected to the output layer, the final layer in the model. tf$layers provides the tf$layers$dense function for constructing fully connected layers. The activation is controlled by the activation argument. Some options to pass to the activation argument are:
tf$nn$relu. The following code creates a layer of units nodes fully connected to the previous layer input_layer with a ReLU activation function:hidden_layer <- tf$layers$dense(inputs = input_layer, units = 10L, activation = tf$nn$relu)tf$nn$relu6. The following code creates a layer of units nodes fully connected to the previous layer hidden_layer with a ReLU 6 activation function:second_hidden_layer <- tf$layers$dense(
inputs = hidden_layer, units = 20L, activation = tf$nn$relu)NULL. The following code creates a layer of units nodes fully connected to the previous layer second_hidden_layer with no activation function, just a linear transformation:output_layer <- tf$layers$dense(inputs = second_hidden_layer,
units = 3L, activation = NULL)Other activation functions are possible, e.g.:
output_layer <- tf$layers$dense(inputs = second_hidden_layer,
units = 10L, activation_fn = tf$sigmoid)The above code creates the neural network layer output_layer, which is fully connected to second_hidden_layer with a sigmoid activation function tf$sigmoid.
The network contains two hidden layers, each with 10 nodes and a ReLU activation function. The output layer contains no activation function, and is tf$reshape to a one-dimensional tensor to capture the model’s predictions, which are stored in predictions_dict.
The estimator_spec returned by the model_fn must contain loss: a Tensor representing the loss value, which quantifies how well the model’s predictions reflect the label values during training and evaluation runs. The tf$losses module provides convenience functions for calculating loss using a variety of metrics, including:
absolute_difference(labels, predictions). Calculates loss using the absolute-difference formula (also known as L1 loss).
log_loss(labels, predictions). Calculates loss using the logistic loss forumula (typically used in logistic regression).
mean_squared_error(labels, predictions). Calculates loss using the mean squared error (MSE; also known as L2 loss).
The following example adds a definition for loss to the abalone model_fn using mean_squared_error():
loss <- tf$losses$mean_squared_error(labels, predictions)Supplementary metrics for evaluation can be added to an eval_metric_ops dict. The following code defines an rmse metric, which calculates the root mean squared error for the model predictions. Note that the labels tensor is cast to a float64 type to match the data type of the predictions tensor, which will contain real values:
eval_metric_ops <- list(rmse = tf$metrics$root_mean_squared_error(
tf$cast(labels, tf$float64), predictions
))The training op defines the optimization algorithm TensorFlow will use when fitting the model to the training data. Typically when training, the goal is to minimize loss. A simple way to create the training op is to instantiate a tf$train$Optimizer subclass and call the minimize method.
The following code defines a training op for the abalone model_fn using the loss value calculated in Defining Loss for the Model, the learning rate passed to the function in params, and the gradient descent optimizer. For global_step, the convenience function tf$train$get_global_step takes care of generating an integer variable:
optimizer <- tf$train$GradientDescentOptimizer(learning_rate = params$learning_rate)
train_op <- optimizer$minimize(loss = loss, global_step = tf$train$get_global_step())Here’s the final, complete model_fn for the abalone age predictor. The following code configures the neural network; defines loss and the training op; and returns a estimator_spec object containing mode, predictions_dict, loss, and train_op:
model_fn <- function(features, labels, mode, params, config) {
# Connect the first hidden layer to input layer
first_hidden_layer <- tf$layers$dense(features, 10L, activation = tf$nn$relu)
# Connect the second hidden layer to first hidden layer with relu
second_hidden_layer <- tf$layers$dense(first_hidden_layer, 10L, activation = tf$nn$relu)
# Connect the output layer to second hidden layer (no activation fn)
output_layer <- tf$layers$dense(second_hidden_layer, 1L)
# Reshape output layer to 1-dim Tensor to return predictions
predictions <- tf$reshape(output_layer, list(-1L))
predictions_list <- list(ages = predictions)
# Calculate loss using mean squared error
loss <- tf$losses$mean_squared_error(labels, predictions)
eval_metric_ops <- list(rmse = tf$metrics$root_mean_squared_error(
tf$cast(labels, tf$float64), predictions
))
optimizer <- tf$train$GradientDescentOptimizer(learning_rate = params$learning_rate)
train_op <- optimizer$minimize(loss = loss, global_step = tf$train$get_global_step())
return(estimator_spec(
mode = mode,
predictions = predictions_list,
loss = loss,
train_op = train_op,
eval_metric_ops = eval_metric_ops
))
}
model_params <- list(learning_rate = 0.001)
model <- estimator(model_fn, params = model_params)You’ve instantiated an Estimator for the abalone predictor and defined its behavior in model_fn; all that’s left to do is train, evaluate, and make predictions.
The following code fits the neural network to the training data and evaluates the model performance based on the eval_metric_ops that we have defined:
train(model, input_fn = train_input_fn, steps = 2)
evaluate(model, input_fn = test_input_fn, steps = 2)